Thursday, December 17, 2020

71 "I Ain't Graduated College" - Silky Slim The MothaFuccin' P Mane!




EthnicNSubmitsSAT/ACT AvgGPAIQ-metric (White=100)
White
Average570,40053%127892100.0
Two+ Provided17,64052%131093102.4
Europe464,67055%128793100.7
Middle East22,72039%12369096.9
None Provided39,58043%12069194.6
Other25,80035%11598891.1
African American
Average140,01036%11088587.2
Africa13,84034%11858793.0
Two+ Provided17,74039%11708791.9
None Provided67029%11418589.7
Caribbean10,61037%11168587.8
Other68027%11138487.6
U.S. Af-Am96,47035%10848485.4
Asian
Average115,49061%138295107.8
None Provided1,60065%143897112.0
Korea10,48067%142196110.7
India32,75072%141596110.3
China24,62064%141497110.2
Other East Asia2,80059%141195110.0
Malaysia24061%138095107.6
Two+ Provided8,52058%137696107.3
Japan1,33057%136494106.4
Other South Asia5,62045%130992102.3
Pakistan5,50050%130192101.7
Vietnam9,09055%128494100.5
Philippines8,10047%12629498.8
Other Southeast Asia4,13044%12619298.7
Cambodia70036%12169295.4
Pacific Islander
Group Average1,77032%11818892.7
None Provided10036%12469197.6
Guam22034%12339196.6
Other (Excl. Philippines)57030%12048694.5
Two+ Provided15028%11878793.2
Hawaii42035%11808892.6
Samoa32033%10828885.3
American Indian
Average2,76036%11628791.3
OK Citizen Potawatomi2029%133890104.5
OK Choctaw9055%12679399.2
OK Chickasaw5052%12529098.1
OK Muscogee (Creek) Nation5059%12419197.2
OK Cherokee14053%12189595.5
MI Sault Ste. Marie4057%11928893.5
NY Saint Regis5016%11708691.9
None Provided8029%11538790.7
Unenrolled1,37034%11478690.2
Other Enrolled64034%11468790.1
SD Oglala Sioux2018%11239088.3
AZ Navajo16029%10968986.3
NC Eastern Cherokee4041%10798785.1
Two/More Races
Group Average56,13050%128992100.8
Asian & White25,40060%135495105.7
Asian & Pacific Islander1,02043%127893100.0
Asian & American Indian14045%12668899.1
White & Pacific Islander1,01048%12659299.0
White & Native American4,62050%12489197.7
Three or More Races3,61041%12419097.2
Asian & African Am.2,68043%12249096.0
White & African Am.15,68040%11928893.5
African Am. & Pacific Isl.4019%11188388.0
Native Am. & Pacific Isl.1,54031%10958486.2
African Am. & Native Am.38034%10938486.1
Hispanic (Region)
Group Average194,06037%11958993.8
Spain4,95048%128492100.4
South America24,80046%12479197.7
Cuba6,86061%12369296.9
Two+ Provided28,73041%12119094.9
Mexico70,27032%11708991.9
Central America17,40032%11688991.8
Puerto Rico22,54037%11688791.7
None Provided1,85029%11618791.2
Other16,67030%11528790.5
Hispanic (Races)
Group Average194,06037%11958993.8
Asian3,29043%12779299.9
Two+ Provided9,75043%12359096.7
White96,69045%12199095.6
Hispanic or Latinx Only60,87027%11468890.1
American Indian4,74029%11338789.1
African American17,74029%11168587.8
Pacific Islander98025%10978586.4


For every African-American high school senior who scores 1400-1600 on the SAT (top 7% of overall test-takers), there are: 4 Hispanic-American high scorers 21 (!) Asian-Americans 24 White-Americans Asian influx means no more room at the top for blacks.

Asian-black gaps on the SAT college admission exam are immense, with only 1% of blacks scoring 1400 or above compared to 24% of Asians. At present, there are about 20 high-scoring Asians for every high-scoring black, and this ratio will only go up.

The average admissions requirements across all 105 HBCUs are a 2.5 GPA and a 905 on the SAT. A 905 SAT is the equivalent of a 92 IQ. Someone with a 92 IQ shouldn't be in college. (The average IQ of a US college grad is 110.)

This IQ Score Is Representative Of The Majority Of Black College Students, Not Just Those Attending And Graduating From HBCUs.

Here’s a snippet from an academic article published in 2004 on affirmative action at elite US universities. Being African-American was worth an average of 230 additional SAT points on a 1600-point scale. Athletes averaged an extra 200.

That's An Additional 430 SAT Points For Nigger Athletes. So Most Of Them Score About 800-900 On The SAT, But When You Adjust Their Scores For The Compensatory Points Universities Award Them, Their Scores Now Look Comparable To The Average SAT Score Of Incoming Students And Place Them In The 95th Percentile Of Black SAT Scores!
 40 Point Nigga!
This Is What You'll Get In An r-Selected Environment. What Do You People Think Lil B's Educational Background And IQ IsI'll Expand Later

http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/011380.html
The Only Way Blaccs Can Go To NON-HBCUs Is If They Get A Sports* Scholarship Or Benefit From Affirmative Action Or Some Other Racial Diversity Generating Program And Receive Financial Aid! 
*I Don't Respects The Intellect Of No Colored College Athlete. (When Niggers Like This Starting Getting Degrees From Prestigious Universities You Know The Value Of A Degree From That University Has Greatly Depreciated.)

"the college degree is declining in status...13% of people aged 25 and older have a master’s, the same proportion that had a bachelor’s in 1960...45,000 new doctoral degrees were awarded in 2000, a number that, by last year, more than doubled to 98,000" city-journal.org/dr-bidens-less
Education has completely exploded in the USA. Back in 2000: 8.6% had Advanced Degrees 25.7% had at least a Bachelors 33.5% had Any College Degree As of 2022: 14.2% have Advanced Degrees (1.7x more share) 37.6% have at least a Bachelors (1.5x more share) 48.2% have Any College Degree (1.4x more share)

Consequences: The value of a degree has declined. The overeducated need jobs. DEI bureaucracies have ballooned, giving comfortable jobs to people with degrees so they can promote the official ideology. Culture has declined.
https://x.com/eyeslasho/status/1848422574352699763

Affirmative action admission policies have filled up law schools with black students with significantly lower LSATs and undergrad GPAs, higher drop-out rates, much worse class rank performance, lower bar exam pass rates, and, ultimately, lower levels of professional competence.

“Some schools lower standards for everyone to graduate which looks good for social justice. But it affects conscientious working class people because the diploma meant something; now it doesn’t. If everyone has a credential, the credential is worthless”
https://www.amazon.com/Dubious-Expediency-Preferences-Damage-Education/dp/1641771321

Republicans and Independents’ confidence in higher education has nosedived in the past decade. The most important reason: they think it’s too left-wing and political. On that, they are indisputably correct.

"A dramatic shift has occurred in Americans’ faith that college matters. In the 2010s, 99 percent of Republicans and 96 percent of Democrats expected their children to go to college; now nearly half of American parents would prefer that they not."

"These disappointing outcomes are predictable, and have consequences far beyond the campus. The problem begins with the fact that few African Americans at a given university, thanks to lowered admission standards, have the IQs necessary to compete with their white classmates. If merit alone determined admission, this mismatch would not occur. All students would vie on a roughly level IQ playing field, and, given overall IQ distributions, few blacks would populate top academic programs
http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/012975.html

The increase in 6-fold in men. These increases have undoubtedly depressed the educational rigor of less-selective colleges.
...TSU's doubling of enrollment brought a dangerous element to campus even as the tuition helped fund her flamboyant lifestyle... (Why Do The Colleges Accept Them In The First Place? Why Are Our Nations Leaders Saying Everyone Should Go To College?... I See Why The Colleges Want Them Because 'THE KID COMES ATTACHED TO MONEY*'. (In This Case The Money Was Coming From The Government. The Corrupt President Lowered The Academic Standards  To Allow More Students To Be Accepted, Which Increased The Amount Of Money The University Would Make. This Money Ultimately Came From The Government Because The Students That Were Accepted Were From Low Income Backgrounds And Needed Government Assistance, Hence The DANGEROUS ELEMENT Label Given To Them.)

*IT'S COMIN' OUT THE WAZOO!
https://www.dailypress.com/news/crime/dp-nw-hampton-stabbing-case-20200925-oigbv7c2k5dj7bkvgcsqsybhiu-story.html

"Dr. Slade and the administration did a wonderful job of charming the board. They were mesmerized by her. People were mesmerized by her." THE WINNING PERSONALITY
 https://vdare.com/articles/solving-the-african-iq-conundrum-winning-personality-masks-low-scores
.

https://x.com/eyeslasho/status/1846955643220988177
A higher percentage of black and Hispanic women attend college than white men, even though white men significantly outperform these groups on the SAT. However, the black and Hispanic female college dropout rates are higher than that for white males, so a higher percentage of white males ends up graduating than black and Hispanic females.


"educational attainment is over time becoming weaker as a signal of the cognitive ability...educational expansions may have made it easier to attain longer education...Employers will to a lesser degree be able to screen candidates by using their educational credentials, and demand for other signals will increase." nature.com/articles/s4159

https://twitter.com/DegenRolf/status/1743141742889537543
Meta-analysis: In recent decades, the intelligence quotient of university students and university graduates dropped to the average of the general population. frontiersin.org/articles/10.33

https://x.com/robkhenderson/status/1811622822974050781
"undergraduates’ IQs have steadily fallen from roughly 119 to a mean of 102 today — just slightly above the population average of 100. In short, undergraduates are now no more intelligent on average than members of the general population."
https://www.cremieux.xyz/p/education-isnt-what-it-used-to-be


The rate at which individuals with IQs below 90 (the US average is around 98) completed college has "increased approximately 6-fold in men and 10-fold in women relative to rates in the previous generation."
Graduated inIQ
1960s112.3
1970s109.1
1980s106.0
1990s103.9
2000s102.9
2010s100.0


Replying to
The average IQ of college students is about 1 SD (15 points) lower now than about 50 years ago despite of the Flynn effect. Something to think about for the equality of outcome ideologues. https://twitter.com/MatsVinnaren/status/1084896081085939712
Graduated inGrad degreeUndergradHS diploma
1960s114.0111.399.3
1970s112.5107.996.4
1980s109.4105.294.8
1990s108.1103.495.0
2000s105.8103.594.6
2010sn/a100.493.5

Underappreciated fact: increased college access has led to ~.65 SD decline in IQ of the typical graduate, almost 10 IQ points College doesn't signal what it once did Image from kirkegaard.substack.com/p/misleading-p

A college degree from most American colleges — there are over 4,000 of them, the great majority of which you'll never hear anything about — is no longer an indicator of strong mental ability. In fact, the mean IQ of *all* US college students is only around 100 (an average IQ).

"young people who possess a college degree in 2016 are, on average, less intelligent than those who possessed a college degree in 1980. The private sector and civilian agencies of government have responded by demanding a postgraduate education for more jobs"

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/after-service/202006/the-college-dropout-rate-is-45-should-everyone-still-go

Furthermore, college degrees themselves have become less reliable indicators of ability. For example, this study led by psychologist Jean Twenge at San Diego State University found that “The average college graduate now has considerably lower verbal ability than the average college graduate 40 years ago. For employers, this means that a college degree does not have the same meaning as it once did for verbal ability.” 

In other words, on average, college graduates seem to be less verbally adept today compared to decades past—smaller vocabularies, poorer writing ability, and less ability to retain written information.

In 1974, about 13% of Americans were college graduates. Today, it’s around 32%.
Intriguingly, the researchers found that the vocabulary skills of Americans overall have remained unchanged.
Far more Americans have college degrees. But overall, Americans' verbal skills are the same. This suggests we are seeking increasingly more expensive credentials for skills that haven't been improved by a college education.

The reading ability of the average black college graduate is, on average, considerably lower than that of the average white college graduate.

Rob Henderson
@robkhenderson
·
"The average college graduate now has considerably lower verbal ability than the average college graduate 40 years ago. For employers, this means that a college degree does not have the same meaning as it once did for verbal ability" sciencedirect.com/science/articl
Rolf Degen@DegenRolf
At loss for words: The vocabulary of the average U.S. adult has shrunk over the past four decades.  https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289618302198

There are millions of people attending university who do not belong there, enrolled in programs that should not exist, in order to study theories that are wrong.

Intended majorIQ
Interdisciplinary studies114.0
Physical sciences111.2
Mathematics and statistics110.7
English and literature110.1
Foreign language109.8
Philosophy and religious studies109.6
Social sciences109.3
Library science108.7
Engineering108.5
Biological and biomedical sciences107.7
Liberal arts & sciences and humanities107.5
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender studies106.8
Theology and religious vocations106.4
Undecided106.2
History106.0
Natural resources and conservation104.6
Military sciences104.1
Computer and information sciences103.9
Communication and journalism103.5
Architecture103.2
Visual and performing arts103.0
Legal professions102.8
Psychology101.3
Business101.2
Health professions100.8
Engineering technicians99.9
Education99.3
Agriculture99.2
Transportation98.7
Other97.8
Family and consumer sciences97.5
Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness97.5
Public administration and social services96.6
Culinary services96.5
Security and protection95.9
Precision production95.2
Construction trades94.3
Mechanic and repair technician93.3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULFSGNK4VSc

Stossel: The College Scam

'43% of recent college grads are underemployed'?
A cynic might rephrase as '43% of a trillion-dollar industry's customers were swindled out of massive amounts of money by false promises and media hype about the economic value of a college degree'
Graduating improves one's prospects, not just going. 45% of people who go to college drop out before completion. Time + debt with nothing to show for it
You've probably heard that IQ tests are now widely considered outdated, biased, and useless, and that there's more to cognitive ability than general intelligence - there are also traits like social intelligence, practical intelligence, emotional intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Strikingly, these claims originate mostly from psychology professors at Harvard and Yale. Harvard is home to Howard Gardner, advocate of eight "multiple intelligences" (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist). Yale is home to Peter Salovey, advocate of emotional intelligence, and was, until recently, home to Peter Sternberg, advocate of three intelligences (academic,  social, and practical). (To be fair, I think the notions of interpersonal, social, and emotional intelligence do have some merit, but they seem more like socially desired combinations of general intelligence, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and/or extraversion than distinctive dimensions that extend beyond the Central Six.)
https://twitter.com/primalpoly/status/1743739718913646720
Is it an accident that researchers at the most expensive, elite IQ-screening universities tend to be most skeptical of IQ tests? I think not. Universities offer a costly, slow, unreliable intelligence-indicating product that competes directly with cheap, fast, more-reliable IQ tests. They are now in the business of educational credentialism. Harvard and Yale sell nicely printed sheets of paper called degrees that cost about $1600,000 ($40,000 for tuition, room, board, and books per year for four years). To obtain the degree, one must demonstrate a decent level of conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness in one's coursework, but above all, one must have the intelligence to get admitted, based on SAT scores and high school grades. Thus, the Harvard degree is basically an IQ guarantee.
University dropouts tend to have poor impulse control, low altruism, and high mental instability compared to those who complete their degrees. Here is a case in point:
https://twitter.com/robkhenderson/status/1373067234042597383
"the predictive power of the SAT holds even when researchers control for socioeconomic status...it is remarkably difficult to increase an individual’s SAT score...high SAT scores are generally difficult to acquire by any means other than high ability" mdpi.com/2079-3200/7/4/
Elite universities do not want to be undercut by competitors. They do not want their expensive IQ-warranties to suffer competition from cheap, fast IQ tests, which would commodify the intelligence-display market and drive down costs. Therefore, elite universities have a hypocritical, love-hate relationship with intelligence tests. They use the IQ-type tests (such as the SAT) to select students, to ensure that their IQ-warranties have validity and credibility. Yet they seem to agree with the claim by Educational Testing Service that the SAT is not an IQ test, and they vehemently deny that their degrees could be replaced by IQ tests in the competition for social status, sexual attractiveness, and employment. Alumni of such schools also work very hard to maintain the social norm that, in casual conversation, it is acceptable to mention where one went to college, but not to mention one's SAT or IQ scores. If I say on a second date that "the sugar maples in Harvard Yard were so beautiful every fall term," I am basically saying "my SAT scores were sufficiently high (roughly 720 out of 800) that I could get admitted, so my IQ is above 135, and I had sufficient conscientiousness, emotional stability, and intellectual openness to pass my classes. Plus, I can recognize a tree." The information content is the same, but while the former sounds poetic, the latter sounds boorish.
Obvs, academia has a vested interest in pretending intelligence can't be measured quickly, cheaply, & accurately with IQ tests. My book 'Spent' explained how IQ-denialism feeds educational credentialism, and helps colleges financially exploit young people.
There are vested interests at work here, including not just the universities but the testing services. The most important U.S. intelligence-testing institution is the Educational Testing Service (ETS), which administers the SAT, LSAT, MCAT, And GRE tests. ETS is a private organization with about 2,500 employees, including 250 Ph.D.s. It apparently functions as an unregulated monopoly, accountable only to its board of trustees. Although nominally dedicated to the highest standards of test validity, ETS is also under intense legal pressure to create tests that "are free of racial, ethnic, gender, socioeconomic, and other forms of bias." This means, in practice, that ETS must attempt the impossible. It must develop tests that accurately predict university performance by assessing general intelligence, since general intelligence remains by far the best predictor of academic achievement. Yet since intelligence testing remains such a politically incendiary topic in the United States, it is crucial for ETS to take the position that its "aptitude' and "achievement" tests are not tests of general intelligence. Further, its tests must avoid charges of bias by yielding precisely equal distribution of scores across different ethnic groups, sexes, and classes - even when those groups do have somewhat different distributions of general intelligence. So, the more accurate the tests are as indexes of general intelligence, the more biased they look across groups, and the more flack ETS gets from political activists. On the other hand, the more equal the test outcomes are across groups, the less accurate the tests are as indexes of general intelligence, the less well they predict university performance, and the more flack ETS gets from universities trying to select the best students.  ETS may be doing the best it can, given the hypocrisies, taboos, and legal constraints of the American cognitive meritocracy. However, it may be useful for outsiders to understand its role in higher education not just as a gatekeeper but as a flack absorber. ETS throws itself on the hand grenade of the IQ test controversy to protect its platoon mates (elite universities) from the shrapnel.
Good thread by on how credentialism undermines the US military. As I argued in 'Spent' (2009), if you ban IQ tests (due to 'disparate impact'), you get runaway credentialism. If you allow IQ tests, you don't need so much credentialism.

If a university degree basically functions as an IQ guarantee, then a degrees social status and economic value should be more strongly predicted by the average SAT scores of graduating students, rather than the average knowledge learned by those students. An IQ-guarantee degree is what economists call a positional good - a way of showing one's personal superiority over competitors. Positional goods often lead to runaway status competition. Once an Ivy League undergraduate degree becomes popular and therefore less useful as a badge of distinction, competitors feel obligated to raise the bar and go for an Ivy League M.B.A., M.D., or Ph.D. Once an ordinary M.B.A. becomes popular and therefore less distinctive, competitors may pursue the more demanding Trium Global Executive M.B.A. for $87,000, in which an elite group of forty senior managers take six trips around the world to study at the London School of Economics, the New York University Stern School of Business, and the HEC School of Management in Paris, plus rotating locations in the Far East and emerging markets.
  Retweeted
Higher education is little more than a credentials arms race that provides little benefit to those who now "have" to pursue it while harming both the individual and wider society in a dozen different ways Probably the third-biggest problem we face

Universities don't have anything to teach what a motivated person can learn on his own. All they do is sell very expensive union cards.
British universities do not rely so heavily on standardized testing. Instead, their admissions system depends mostly on eighteen-year old students' standardized test scores in demanding "A-level" courses, which are roughly equivalent to American college sophomore courses. Oxford and Cambridge also challenge applicants' brains and nerves with tough interview questions, such as:
  • "What percentage of the world's water is contained in a cow?"
  • "Are you your body?"
  • "Was Russia just too damned big for democracy?"
  •  "Why don't we just have one ear in the middle of our face?"
  • "What about fatalism?"
Although such questions may not measure intelligence with the same reliability and validity as the SAT, they give interviewers some sense of the applicant's verbal fluency, creativity, and background knowledge. The result is that in Britain, too, an elite university degree functions as an intelligence indicator.
The third argument implies that the real "value" created and sold by many universities is status. Learning is a byproduct or mechanism in service of the real status product.
Tenure track profs sell their status to unis, who then sell the status to students. This is the value chain in universities Final product sold to students is status (not learning).
You Go To School To Learn!

Credentialism explains the three hundred "diploma mills" (unaccredited online universities) now operating in the United States, such as Rochville University and Belford University. These award B.A.s,  M.B.A.s, or Ph.D.s within seven days on the basis of "life and work experience" (Get a degree for what you already know!"), with no admissions requirements, attendance, classes, essays, or tests. For example, Belford University's "complete doctorate degree package costs only $549 with free shipping," and includes on degree, two transcripts, one award of excellence, one certification of distinction, and four education verification letters for employers. Available majors include aerospace engineering, clinical psychology, endodontics, and, of course, marketing. Degree mills typically claim accreditation from fronts such as the International Accreditation Agency for Online Universities, which is not one of the nineteen accrediting organizations recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. From 1980 through the early 1990s, the FBI Operation Diploma Scam task force closed down many of these diploma mills. However, there is now virtually no policing of them, and the Web makes it easy to take money from the more gullible careerists of the developing world, to who $549 sounds like a credibly large amount of money to pay for a Ph.D.
FAKEE
SHADEE
Credentialism also explains the popularity of fake degrees sold through online lost-diploma replacement services such as Bogusphd.com and Noveltydegree.com. For about $50 (including free two-day shipping), you can request any degree from any university, bearing your name, printed on high-quality sixty-pound parchment, with an embossed gold foil seal, suitable for framing. Degree layouts are fairly standard across universities, so they are much easier to counterfeit than a $20 bill. There is the university name at the top, some wording, the graduate's name and degree awarded, some more wording, and then some illegible signatures at the bottom.

An alternative to the credentialist view of higher education is the "human capital" view promoted by most professors, including economists such as Gary Becker. Their starting point is Bertrand Russell's insight that "the average man's opinions are much less foolish than they would be if he thought for himself." The human capital view is that the cultural transmission of knowledge makes us smarter and wiser, and that it is the responsibility of education to download such knowledge into our heads, so that we become more valuable to employers, and earn higher salaries. Education, in other words, is economic self-investment - we forgo some lost wage years in return for higher wages later. And it is a fairly safe investment, barring brain injury or early dementia: Ben Franklin observed, "If a man empties his purse into his skull, no one can take it from him."
The human-capital view argues that education actually confers "added value" on students, making them better workers and citizens who are more useful to society by transforming latent talents into manifest skills and knowledge. A problem with this view is that there are more efficient ways to learn career-relevant skills and facts: through reading books, watching documentaries, talking with experts, and finding mentors. In Good Will Hunting, the title character, a self-educated genius, mocks the Harvard students: "You wasted $150,000 on an education you coulda got for a buck fifty in late charges at the public library." Charles William Eliot, Harvard's president from 1869 to 1909, admitted, "One could get a first-class education from a shelf of books five feet long" - as long as it was the right five feet, such as the fifty volumes of Harvard Classics that he edited. The massive rise in homeschooling shows that many parents have come to realize that learning, especially below the college level, need not depend on credentialed schools.
How about nudging 800k kids not to go to college? Greater contribution to net happiness.
Live college lectures cost about $100 per hour to attend, and are often given by underqualified graduate students or adjunct faculty. Excellent recorded lectures by nationally respected professors on DVD cost about $6 per hour from the Teaching Company (for example, $70 for a twelve-hour course on "Existentialism and the Meaning of Life"). Or, for $550 per year, one could get 450 TV channels from Comcast, even in Albuquerque, including twenty-two nonfiction documentary channels such as the Discovery Channel, Discovery Health, the National Geographic Channel, the Learning Channel, the Travel Channel, the History Channel, the Science Channel, the Military Channel, the Biography Channel, History International, and BBC America. Even better, UK residents can pay their $200 per year TV license fee and see excellent documentaries every evening on BBC1, BBC2, and Channel 4.

Companies understand perfectly well that higher education is not the most efficient way to prepare employees, which is why they spend more than $10 billion per year on corporate training in the United States (versus higher education spending of $200 billion per year). For example, three-quarters of the Fortune 500 companies have bought corporate training from the Franklin Covey group (2007 sales: about 280 million), founded by Stephen R. Covey after his 1989 bestseller The Seven Habits Of Highly Effective People. By contrast, Harvard's net undergraduate tuition intake (nominal costs minus financial aid) was about $60 million in 2004).
The credentialist view suggests that higher education may offer not so much added value in the economic sense as a reliable method of advertising one's talents - especially intelligence, conscientiousness, and openness. Other credible views of education are also skeptical about its alleged added value. These include the "warehousing" view which holds that mass public education is just cheap child care for working parents, and the "conformism" view, which contends that school socializes children to be reliable, politically pacified wage slaves. Each critique has its merits, and explains why so many students prefer easy courses that one can pass by displaying the correct ideological attitudes (as in some humanities and social sciences) to harder courses, that require the acquisition of real skills, knowledge, and insight (as in foreign languages, studio art and music, and the physical, biological, and behavioral sciences). Most students want to maximize their grade point average (a credentialist goal), not the amount of challenging, counterintuitive, life-relevant material they learn (a value-added goal).   

The apparently lazy strategy makes sense for most students. Indeed, lingering snobbery often assigns a higher economic value to degrees that are apparently less career relevant. Stanford law school may prefer an Ivy League history graduate to a pre-law government major from a state college,; the BBC often opts for Oxford English degrees over Nottingham degrees in media studies. The highly selective credential with little relevant content often trumps the less-selective credential with very relevant content. Nor are such preferences irrational. General intelligence is such a powerful predictor of job performance that a content free-IQ guarantee can be much more valuable to an employer or graduate school than a set of rote-learned content with no IQ guarantee. This clarifies many otherwise puzzling aspects of higher education, such as the common early twentieth-century view that "a gentleman need not know Latin, but he should at least have forgotten it." At least my Latin teachers at Walnut Hills High School (Cincinnati, Ohio) were open about why we had to learn to read Virgil: familiarity with Latin roots, prefixes, and suffixes would boost our SAT vocabulary test scores. You know some costly signaling is going on when thousands of teenagers spend three years each learning a long-dead language just so they'll score better on an IQ test that pretends it's not an IQ test, so they can spend four more years and a hundred thousand dollars to get a college degree that pretend it's not an IQ guarantee.
The value of an elite university degree is based partly on IQ signaling -- you did well enough on standardized tests to get in. (See my book 'Spent' for details) Abandon the tests, and you nuke the signaling value of the degree. Not a good business model for higher education.
Imagine if we tried to display a physical trait such as aerobic endurance in such a costly, indirect fashion. We could just run naked and barefoot along a five-mile dirt track while others timed us with an Accusplit Survivor II stopwatch ($8.93 retail). But that would be so gauche, so crude, so infra dig. Much better for each person to spend twenty years building a three-hundred-foot-high ziggurat of imported marble, to show that they can run up and down it forty times within an hour - preferably while  wearing embroidered silk robes and carrying a solid gold torch, while a 250-piece marching band plays. This would preserve the rich cultural tradition of Ziggurat Ascension, with its medieval vestments, nostalgic anthems, and bittersweet Sisyphean symbolism. Plus, it would be good for the economy. Parents would have to take out second mortgages to cover their kids' ascension rites. The marble importers, vestment embroiders, and band musicians would ferociously denounce any reductionist attempts to measure aerobic capacity with mere dirt tracks and stopwatches. While they might acknowledge that the ziggurat system had some inefficiencies, they would argue that these would be reduced by progress in ergonomically optimized ziggurat stairs, lighter platinum torches, and trombone-playing robots. Contemporary higher education is our ziggurat ascension: an absurdly expensive, time-consuming way to guarantee intellectual and personality traits that could be measured far more cheaply, easily, and reliably by other means. Thornstein Veblen explained most of this perfectly clear in his 1914 book The Higher Learning in America, but, as usual, his insights were nervously appreciated and then promptly forgotten.     
Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior. Miller, p. 191-198
Replying to
Percent of students in 2020 with total SAT score of 1400 to 1600: Asian 24% White 7% That is why they’re ditching the SAT. reports.collegeboard.org/pdf/2020-total

http://blog.apaonline.org/2016/12/16/apa-member-interview-david-livingstone-smith/
Name a trait, skill or characteristic that you have that others may not know about. 
After failing high school twice, I dropped out of community college, so I don’t have an undergraduate degree. And despite having earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of London (Kings College), I have never ever been a student in a philosophy class. This must sound very weird to the readers of this blog.
What is your favorite film of all time?
Little Big Man because I identify so strongly with the protagonist. Like him, I’ve travelled an unconventional path, have never really felt that I fit in anywhere, and have reinvented myself several times over.